Niijima Yae — Rifle at Aizu, Then a Life in Kyoto

She fought through the fall of Aizu with a rifle and then lived another sixty years. Her name was Niijima Yae.

Contents

What Yae Did

Her life divides into three parts.

The siege of Aizu. She took up a rifle in the Battle of Aizu and fought from inside Tsuruga Castle.

Doshisha. In Kyoto she married the Christian educator Niijima Jo and supported the running of his school and the education of women.

Nursing. As a volunteer nurse of the Japanese Red Cross she tended the wounded of the Sino-Japanese and Russo-Japanese wars.

A woman who fought for the losing side in 1868, sustained a Christian school in the Meiji era, and nursed the wounded of Japan's wars. Few lives cover that much ground.

Born to a Gunnery Family

Born in 1845, daughter of the Aizu retainer Yamamoto Gonpachi.

The Yamamoto were a gunnery family, and Yae grew up learning firearms. In an era when women of warrior households trained with the naginata, she handled guns.

Her elder brother, Yamamoto Kakuma, was central to the domain's Western studies and artillery. Her knowledge came through him.

The Siege

Imperial forces reached Aizu in 1868.

Yae cut her hair, dressed as a man, and entered the castle with a rifle — a modern repeater, by tradition.

Accounts describe her joining a night sortie and helping lay guns. Contemporary first-hand sources are thin and some detail has been smoothed by later commemoration, but that she took part in the fighting inside the castle appears in more than one account.

In the same campaign, Nakano Takeko took a naginata outside the walls and was killed. Yae took a rifle, stayed inside, and lived. The weapon, the position, and the task were all different; no single factor accounts for the outcome.

Kyoto, and Niijima Jo

After Aizu surrendered and the domain was dissolved, Yae moved to Kyoto, where her brother had entered government service.

There she met Niijima Jo, a Christian convert recently returned from America. They married in 1876. His Doshisha English School had opened the previous year, planned with her brother Yamamoto Kakuma and others.

A woman of Aizu who had fought the new government married a man building a Christian school under it. For the time, an extraordinary pairing.

After the marriage Yae supported the running of the school and involved herself in the education of women. She addressed her husband by name and stated her opinions in company — outside the conventions of the period.

She drew criticism for it; Jo thought highly of her. The word "handsome" that he used of her referred to how she acted and lived, not to her looks.

Nurse

After Jo's death in 1890, Yae became a volunteer nurse of the Japanese Red Cross.

She worked at the army reserve hospital in Hiroshima during the Sino-Japanese War and at Osaka during the Russo-Japanese War — home-front hospitals, not the front line. Having known the receiving end of a war, she spent the later ones tending the wounded.

She was decorated for it — a woman who had fought against the imperial government, honoured by it.

How She Died

Yae died in Kyoto in 1932, aged eighty-six.

The cause is given as acute cholecystitis. Among the generation that took up arms in the Bakumatsu, hers was an unusually long life.

She is buried in the Doshisha cemetery in Kyoto, beside her husband.

A woman who fought at Aizu lies in the graveyard of a Christian school in Kyoto. The span of her life is preserved in the location of the grave.

Timeline

For the campaign see Aizu domain, and for another woman of Aizu, Nakano Takeko.